Anyone who wants to know before undergoing an operation, is practically blind, and can only resort to the reports of some media. Nationwide News Pty Ltd 2023. It was not until the month that a doctor saw me, "says Ledn. According to the American Association of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), between 2012 and 2017 the number of procedures across the country increased by 135%. Remember that they were treated kindly, they were quickly given details of the procedure, and they even offered a promotion so that the mother would also be operated. Jessica Rabbit. By law, you can only take 1,000 ml of fat, but how can you control this? ". Find out more about our policy and your choices, including how to opt-out. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2020 est. However, some of the people who go abroad complete much shorter programmes [often only between six months and two years]. For Pazmio the problem begins with the law and medical professionals. There are also no claims against Jolie, whose place in a mall has changed names several times, after reports of at least three deaths. )-$14.808 billion (2019 est.). ), total: 7,764,772 (2020 est. But Dr. Hsu assured her that it would shrink with time; only about 70 percent of the fat stays in the body. Centers such as 'New Life', where the daughter of Arelys Gonzlez died, appear without complaints on the health department's website. And with that, Ms. Dayyani became another one of the thousands of women worldwide undergoing one of the most popular cosmetic surgeries (some men get it too, but not very many). But his hopes vanished when he was confirmed at the Kendall Regional Hospital that Adianet was brain dead and that only the decision to disconnect her was to be made. )services: 62.1% (2017 est. All times AEDT (GMT +11). )expenditures: $91.73 billion (2017 est. (A viral video on TikTok showed a woman screaming in agony while allegedly getting massages post-BBL.) ), household consumption: 68.2% (2017 est. Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged after the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and Venezuela). )3,280.832 (2019 est. These doctors do not have the same level of training as doctors educated in Colombia. In all places they assured that none of the surgeries involved risks. For Arelys Gonzlez and Berta Ledn it is too late. 24B-27, Bogotamailing address: 3030 Bogota Place, Washington DC 20521-3030telephone: [57] (1) 275-2000FAX: [57] (1) 275-4600email address and website: ACSBogota@state.govhttps://co.usembassy.gov/, three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; the flag retains the three main colors of the banner of Gran Colombia, the short-lived South American republic that broke up in 1830; various interpretations of the colors exist and include: yellow for the gold in Colombia's land, blue for the seas on its shores, and red for the blood spilled in attaining freedom; alternatively, the colors have been described as representing more elemental concepts such as sovereignty and justice (yellow), loyalty and vigilance (blue), and valor and generosity (red); or simply the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternitynote: similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center, Andean condor; national colors: yellow, blue, red, name: "Himno Nacional de la Republica de Colombia" (National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia)lyrics/music: Rafael NUNEZ/Oreste SINDICInote: adopted 1920; the anthem was created from an inspirational poem written by President Rafael NUNEZ, total World Heritage Sites: 9 (6 cultural, 2 natural, 1 mixed)selected World Heritage Site locales: Chiribiquete National Park (m); Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia (c); Historic Center of Santa Cruz de Mompox (c); Los Katos National Park (n); Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary (n); Tierradentro National Archeological Park (c); San Agustn Archaeological Park (c); Colonial Cartagena (c); Qhapaq an/Andean Road System (c), prior to COVID-19, one of the most consistent growth economies; declining poverty; large stimulus package has mitigated economic fallout, but delayed key infrastructure investments; successful inflation management; sound flexible exchange rate regime; domestic economy suffers from lack of trade integration and infrastructure, $754.645 billion (2021 est. An Instagram influencer has died at the age of 29 following a botched cosmetic procedure. Ten died after a fat transfer in the buttocks, and Galvan is one of them. Our center, like Dr. Valls, we have suffered enormously this loss ". "I'm not interested in money, I'm interested in the guilty party paying to do justice to my daughter's death. The cause of death is emboli-globules of fat that inadvertently enter the gluteal veins and swiftly make their way up to the heart and lungs, causing patients to arrest and die usually in the operating room during the procedure or in the recovery room shortly after, Dr Papadopoulos said. "In many cases, the doctors who perform cosmetic procedures go to a course for a weekend and begin to operate,", Arnaldo Valls, the doctor who operated on London, had only taken a three-day course to do liposuction and another one on fat-transfer gluteal augmentation. In the entire state there are 629 licenses of this type, with prices much lower than those obtained in other states. )$681.844 billion (2020 est. )9.96% (2019 est. note: data are in current year dollars, United States 27%, China 20%, Mexico 7%, Brazil 6% (2019), refined petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicines, corn (2019), $58.019 billion (31 December 2021 est. Journalist Lorena Beltrn shows off the scars after her botched operation in 2014. ), International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS), 24 percent of the countrys plastic surgery patients actually come in from abroad. According to this research, in the last five years,14 women have died after undergoing cosmetic surgeries in South Florida. {{ scope.counterText }} Ms. Dayyani wasnt worried about dying. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 12.666 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. ), Rio Negro river source (shared with Venezuela and Brazil [m]) - 2,250 km; Orinoco (shared with Venezuela [s]) - 2,101 kmnote [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth, Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km), Orinoco (953,675 sq km), the majority of people live in the north and west where agricultural opportunities and natural resources are found; the vast grasslands of the llanos to the south and east, which make up approximately 60% of the country, are sparsely populated, highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes; periodic droughts, volcanism: Galeras (4,276 m) is one of Colombia's most active volcanoes, having erupted in 2009 and 2010 causing major evacuations; it has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Nevado del Ruiz (5,321 m), 129 km (80 mi) west of Bogota, erupted in 1985 producing lahars (mudflows) that killed 23,000 people; the volcano last erupted in 1991; additionally, after 500 years of dormancy, Nevado del Huila reawakened in 2007 and has experienced frequent eruptions since then; other historically active volcanoes include Cumbal, Dona Juana, Nevado del Tolima, and Purace, only South American country with coastlines on both the North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea, Mestizo and White 87.6%, Afro-Colombian (includes Mulatto, Raizal, and Palenquero) 6.8%, Amerindian 4.3%, unspecified 1.4% (2018 est.). "I'm not interested in money, I'm interested in the guilty party paying to do justice to my daughter's death. $50.793 billion (2021 est. Centers such as 'New Life', where the daughter of Arelys Gonzlez died, appear without complaints on the health department's website. Many women go to doctors without the proper qualifications or to backdoor clinics because they are often much cheaper. Plus, she didnt have any underlying health conditions. On a national scale, 30 people are known to have died from plastic surgery in 2016 and 13 in 2015, according to the National Institute of Forensic Medicine. State Senator Anitere Flores acknowledged gaps in the legislation during an interview with Univision as part of this investigation. It is much more risky to get a procedure done by one of these doctors. In the wake of the paramilitary demobilization, illegal armed groups arose, whose members include some former paramilitaries. You should ask to see before-and-after photos and ask for patient references, he said. In short, the butt is becoming the new breast, Dr Tim Papadopoulos, specialist plastic surgeon and past president of ASAPS said. Published: August 24, 2018 5.24am EDT Updated: August 29, 2018 4.31am EDT. ), 14.34% (2021 est. She trusted Dr. Hsu, who said he has done about 2,000 BBLs over the seven years and has a year and a half long wait list. Regretful, they only hope that their tragedies will serve as an example for others. In 2018, The British Association of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery advised surgeons in the United Kingdom to stop performing it altogether, although they couldnt ban it outright. How do you know if you get 1,000 or 4,000 ml? Its like moving money from your checking to savings account, she said. Because thats what it is: Dead fat. By law, you can only take 1,000 ml of fat, but how can you control this? Venezuelas political and economic crisis since 2015, however, has created a reverse flow, consisting largely of Colombians returning home. According to the American Association of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), between 2012 and 2017 the number of procedures across the country increased by 135%. It was not until the month that a doctor saw me, "says Ledn. ), number of registered air carriers: 12 (2020)inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 157annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 33,704,037 (2018)annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,349,450,000 (2018) mt-km, total: 121over 3,047 m: 22,438 to 3,047 m: 91,524 to 2,437 m: 39914 to 1,523 m: 53under 914 m: 18 (2021), total: 715over 3,047 m: 11,524 to 2,437 m: 25914 to 1,523 m: 201under 914 m: 488 (2021), 4,991 km gas, 6,796 km oil, 3,429 km refined products (2013), total: 2,141 km (2019)standard gauge: 150 km (2019) 1.435-m gaugenarrow gauge: 1,991 km (2019) 0.914-m gauge, 24,725 km (2019) (18,225 km navigable; the most important waterway, the River Magdalena, of which 1,092 km is navigable, is dredged regularly to ensure safe passage of cargo vessels and container barges), total: 122by type: general cargo 23, oil tanker 7, other 92 (2021), major seaport(s): Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean) - Cartagena, Santa Marta, TurboPacific Ocean - Buenaventuraoil terminal(s): Covenas offshore terminalcontainer port(s) (TEUs): Buenaventura (1,082,746), Cartagena (3,343,810) (2021)river port(s): Barranquilla (Rio Magdalena)dry bulk cargo port(s): Puerto Bolivar (coal)Pacific Ocean - Buenaventura, Military Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Militares de Colombia): National Army (Ejercito Nacional), Republic of Colombia Navy (Armada Republica de Colombia, ARC; includes Coast Guard), Colombian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia, FAC); Colombian National Police (PNC; civilian force that is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense) (2022), 3% of GDP (2021 est. as it happened to Adianet Galvn. ), revenues: $83.35 billion (2017 est. They see the prices and think that they will have a good result, but they pay the final price,"says Pazmio. Seleccin Colombia @FCFSeleccionCol. )$38.224 billion (2020 est. "Any doctor can make a face, eyelids, a lipo in his office. I just wanted to look like I hit the gym an extra bunch.. ), definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 95.6%male: 95.4%female: 95.9% (2020), total: 14 yearsmale: 14 yearsfemale: 15 years (2020), total: 26.4%male: 21.9%female: 32.8% (2021 est. A decades-long conflict between government forces, paramilitaries, and antigovernment insurgent groups heavily funded by the drug trade, principally the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), escalated during the 1990s. In none of the sites the reporter was seen by a doctor. This approaches the death rate from Cureus. In the entire state there are 629 licenses of this type, with prices much lower than those obtained in other states. "I never imagined that something like this could happen in the US. The task force will examine the causes behind complications and deaths to try to prevent them from occurring through a variety of doctor and patient safety education measures, including unprecedented research. Also I could tell he is an expert on the subject and the guidance I received from him was very professional. Large-scale labor emigration dates to the 1960s; the United States and, until recently, Venezuela have been the main host countries. ), 90.4% of GDP (2020 est. In the case of Galvn, the doctor who operated it was a certified plastic surgeon. Issued on: 29/08/2017 - 18:52Modified: 29/08/2017 - 19:16. )from petroleum and other liquids: 47.679 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. 0-14 years: 22.45% (male 5,663,590/female 5,413,209)15-64 years: 66.66% (male 16,066,724/female 16,820,068)65 years and over: 10.89% (2023 est.) Forced displacement continues to be prevalent because of violence among guerrillas, paramilitary groups, and Colombian security forces. The small waist, the nice, beautiful hips.. )imports: 1.302 billion kWh (2020 est. This new warning emphasises the continued risk that is being encountered with this procedure. )$13,400 (2020 est. They also promote breast augmentation for four installments of $ 20 per month, also funded for several years. She also had to get lymphatic massages for a week after the procedure to drain extra liquid in the body. About 30,000 cases have been recorded over the last four decadesalthough the number is likely to be much higherincluding human rights activists, trade unionists, Afro-Colombians, indigenous people, and farmers in rural conflict zones. Its incredibly difficult to hear that. In Colombia, there are a lot of backdoor clinics. He this may be due to the cultural and ethnic differences and perceptions of beauty regarding bums. 2023 Copyright France 24 - All rights reserved. Last year, Beltrn launched the campaign #CirugiaSeguraYa ("Safe surgery now) on social media to denounce the current situation and to demand the adoption of laws regulating the sector. The 14 deceased mentioned in this work left behind at least 26 orphans. Brazilian butt lifts are the deadliest of all aesthetic procedures the risks explained. )other: 8.1% (2018 est. Once again, Florida law makes it virtually impossible for those who are marked by this type of surgery to have compensation options. And according to a study published in the Aesthetic Journaliste Lorena Beltrn had breast reduction surgery in 2014 but it went horribly wrong, leaving huge scars on her chest. Patient safety is the highest priority for plastic surgeons and this multi-society task force is an important and unprecedented collaboration.. The department's available database does not have information on cosmetic surgeries because they are not categorized within a profession that regulates the department. Although social media has had a huge influence in promoting BBL, especially with celebrities like Kim Kardashian and Jennifer Lopez, the volumes of buttock fat transfer overseas dont necessarily translate to whats going on here in Australia, Dr Papadopoulos said. The case of Ledn was reported by Univision in February 2018, and at the time, the My Cosmetic Surgery center sent the following statement: "Due to the medical ethics regulations of the state of Florida, we can not discuss the terms and particularities of this case, and we give all of our patients the best care." Carlos Camargo, )2,951.327 (2017 est. )male: 12.4% (2020 est. Since then, the amounts of fat injected have only increased. The NBC 6 investigations on BBL deaths prompted a plastic surgery task force to investigate the procedure, which recommended doctors avoid penetrating the The owner of the place accused the forensic doctors of inventing the result of the autopsy. Berta Ledn, a woman from Miami, underwent in 2017 a liposuction type 'Tummy tuck' and a neck surgery, which was complicated and left completely disfigured. Everything was in vain, and I'm in the United States, where the laws are supposed to be fulfilled, "Gonzalez said. See also the television reports of this work: according to the Florida Department of Health, The lawyer Percy Martinez, expert in cases of medical malpractice, This is how the Florida law leaves unprotected thousands of women who seek perfection with the scalpel, There will be more controls and punishments for cosmetic surgery centers if a law reform is approved in Florida. WebBattle-related deaths (number of people) - Colombia from The World Bank: Data Its also one of the deadliest. This week, Flores introduced a bill that seeks to reform the current one, and that aims to make the owners of these centers doctors, and that the presence of an anesthesiologist is mandatory in these surgeries. This woman was the eighth person in Cali to die from complications related to plastic surgery since the beginning of the year. , indicates that at least ten cases of this type arrive to him the week, but prefers not to take them, because they know that it has all the to lose. France 24 is not responsible for the content of external websites. (Photo: El Espectador). "This happens because there are doctors who use dangerous techniques and do not understand anatomy, because they are not plastic surgeons." Experts agree that patients are obliged to investigate in whose hands they put their lives. )wine: 0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. As for her posterior? Death toll in Colombia's mass protests reportedly rises to 26 05:27. 8,582 views Mar 3, 2021 355 Dislike Share KATE 2.27K "It is not possible that a Food Truck is obliged to have insurance, and a cosmetic center or a doctor does not. Flores said he will try to include the obligation of liability insurance, but believes that what will be crucial is that doctors own the centers so that FDOH can regulate them. These women, all victims of botched plastic surgery, told their stories to the daily newspaper El Espectador. Join the conversation, you are commenting as. Regretful, they only hope that their tragedies will serve as an example for others. Who was in charge of examining the potential patient was a figure called 'coordinator', who is dedicated to recommend what procedures should be done. ), total subscriptions: 7,248,026 (2020 est. )refined petroleum consumption: 352,400 bbl/day (2019 est. ), improved: urban: 100% of populationrural: 87.5% of populationtotal: 97.7% of populationunimproved: urban: 0% of populationrural: 12.5% of populationtotal: 2.3% of population (2020 est. In his portal, Valls does not appear among those 11 surgeons, however, we contacted the center to request information as potential patients, and they assured us that Valls was available to perform surgeries. Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Ecuador and Panama, total: 1,138,910 sq kmland: 1,038,700 sq kmwater: 100,210 sq kmnote: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, and Serrana Bank, slightly less than twice the size of Texas, total: 6,672 kmborder countries (5): Brazil 1,790 km; Ecuador 708 km; Panama 339 km; Peru 1,494 km; Venezuela 2,341 km, 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km), territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands, flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, eastern lowland plains (Llanos), highest point: Pico Cristobal Colon 5,730 mlowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 mmean elevation: 593 m, petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower, agricultural land: 37.5% (2018 est. Florida law allows a family doctor or any specialty practice such delicate surgeries as a liposuction or BBL. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 3.5% (2021 est. Her case is far from the only one. ), total petroleum production: 756,400 bbl/day (2021 est. This price range )71.65% of GDP (2018 est. Valls is forbidden to do that technique, but continues practicing others in the center Jolie, who did not have any sanctions for the death of London. These women, all victims of botched plastic surgery, told their stories to the daily newspaper El Espectador. Univision asked to speak with Orlando Llorente, the certified surgeon who operated Galvn, but he did not accept an interview. )exports: 69.861 million metric tons (2020 est. Arelys Gonzlez says that she went with her daughter to the first appointment in 'New Life Surgery'. In August, a woman died in Cali, Colombia, due to complications from plastic surgery. )-$9.347 billion (2020 est. Batting (30 Players) Table; Rk Name Yrs From To ASG G PA AB R H 2B 3B HR RBI SB CS BB SO BA OBP SLG OPS WAR Birthdate Debut Birthplace Pos; 1: Jorge Ive never felt better., Brazilian Butt Lifts Surge, Despite Risks, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/19/style/brazillian-butt-lift-bbl-how-much-risks.html, one of the most popular cosmetic surgeries, The British Association of Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery, American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). "Those doctors or centers do not have insurance, or have very low insurance. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2020 est. There are also no claims against Jolie, whose place in a mall has changed names several times, after reports of at least three deaths. (Dr. Labrador did not return calls. When properly done, when carefully done, it is safe, said Dr. Steven Teitelbaum, a board-certified plastic surgeon in Santa Monica who was involved in drafting the guidelines, but does not perform the surgery. )3% of GDP (2020 est. Afro-Colombian and indigenous populations are disproportionately affected. )permanent pasture: 34.5% (2018 est. There is no way to control, it is impossible, you should have the inspector next to you fixed. The gluteal veins distinctive anatomy makes them especially vulnerable because theyre very big and thin, and only one tributary away from the inferior vena cava, which is the major vein in the body running from the pelvis to the heart. Any surgical intervention involves risks, which are detailed in the Informed Consent patients read and sign.My Cosmetic Surgery is a respectable institution, with an impeccable safety record in over 20 years and thousands of satisfied patients. Orlando Llorente, the doctor who operated it, assured Gonzlez that her daughter would be fine. Christian 92.3% (predominantly Roman Catholic), other 1%, unspecified 6.7% (2020 est.). agriculture: 7.2% (2017 est. When we started recognizing there was a problem with BBL, we were faced with the problem of figuring out how to find these people to get word out to them, and unfortunately there was no way to do it.. ), total population: 74.89 yearsmale: 71.27 yearsfemale: 78.69 years (2023 est. Despite the seriousness of the problem, there are hundreds of stories that remain untold, because in Florida, no agency, not even the health department, keeps records of deaths or incidents by cosmetic procedures. In the latter procedure, which typically costs around $15,000 and is not covered by insurance, fat would be liposuctioned from her flanks, tummy and lower back and injected into her derrire. Ms. Dayyani plans to become a lawyer, and worried that she might not be taken as seriously with an outsize backside. This is not a state problem. We see hundreds of cases like that, but there is no way to recover money," he insists. ASAPS has now backed a new patient safety task force to investigate the risks and improve patient safety of the increasingly popular procedure in Australia. "This happens because there are doctors who use dangerous techniques and do not understand anatomy, because they are not plastic surgeons.". The woman was in her forties when she died on August 19 in Cali, Colombias third-largest city, just three days after having surgery in a clinic in the north of With a BBL, fat is injected into the buttocks with a cannula, or long metal tube. )2.53% (2020 est. In spite of the sequels left to Berta Ledn by surgeries, she never received compensation for the physical or emotional damages. What Gonzlez and Galvn ignored is that, far from being perfect,the laws in the state of Florida do not protect people who undergo this type of surgery, and the lack of regulations promotes the proliferation of these centers, which have multiplied in recent years. A woman has gone viral for showing off her botched chin Botox saying the results are her husbands worst fear. Tracking complaints is an almost impossible mission. $13,000.00. In the USA, the large African-American and Hispanic populations have generally dictated their beauty norms which promote larger backsides and smaller breasts. ), electrification - total population: 97% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 100% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 86% (2019), installed generating capacity: 19.769 million kW (2020 est. By law, no doctor in the state is required to have insurance against risk. )female: 4.6% (2020 est. )3.1% of GDP (2019)3.1% of GDP (2018)3.2% of GDP (2017), approximately 260,000 total active troops (200,000 Army; 45,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 14,000 Air Force); approximately 170,000 National Police (2022), the military's inventory includes a wide mix of equipment from a variety of suppliers, including Canada, Europe, Israel, South Korea, and the US; Colombia's defense industry is active in producing air, land, and naval platforms (2022), 18-24 years of age for compulsory (men) and voluntary (men and women) military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months; conscripted soldiers reportedly include regular soldiers (conscripts without a high school degree), drafted high school graduates (bachilleres), and rural (campesino) soldiers who serve in their home regions (2022)note: in 2020, conscripts reportedly comprised about 50% of the Colombian military's active force with approximately 60-90,000 conscripts brought into the military annually, as of 2022, the Colombian Armed Forces were primarily focused on internal security, particularly counter-narcotics, counter-terrorism, and counterinsurgency operations against drug traffickers, militants from several factions of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and National Liberation Army (ELN) terrorist/guerrilla organizations, and other illegal armed groups; the Colombian Government signed a peace agreement with the FARC in 2016, but some former members (known as dissidents) have returned to fighting (note - these dissident groups include the designated terrorist groups Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army or FARC-EP and Segunda Marquetalia; see Appendix T); the Colombian military resumed operations against FARC dissidents and their successor paramilitary groups in late 2019; in 2017, the Colombian Government initiated formal peace talks with the ELN, but in January 2019, the government suspended the peace talks shortly after the ELN exploded a car bomb at the National Police Academy in Bogot and resumed counter-terrorism/counterinsurgency operations against the group; operations against the FARC dissident groups and the ELN continued into 2022, although the Colombian Government resumed talks with ELN in November 2022; the military was also focused on the security challenges posed by its neighbor, Venezuela, where instability has attracted narcotics traffickers and both the ELN and FARC dissidents, including FARC-EP and Segunda Marquetalia, operate openly, the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Colombia are a risk for armed robbery against ships; in 2021, six attacks against commercial vessels were reported, an increase over the single attack in 2020; most of these occurred in the main port of Cartagena while ships were berthed or at anchor, National Liberation Army (ELN); Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People's Army (FARC-EP); Segunda Marquetalianote: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T, in December 2007, ICJ allocated San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but did not rule on 82 degrees W meridian as maritime boundary with Nicaragua; managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and have caused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries; Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert various claims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank, refugees (country of origin): 1,842,390 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or received alternative legal stay) (2022)IDPs: 8,258,460 (conflict between government and illegal armed groups and drug traffickers since 1985) (2022)stateless persons: 11 (2022), Colombia is the worlds top cocaine producer; exports and is a source of heroin and marijuana; coca cultivation was estimated at 245,000 hectares (ha) in 2020; potential pure cocaine production reached 1,010 metric tons in 2020, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education), International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Refugees and internally displaced persons, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).