medicinal plants of liliaceae family medicinal plants of liliaceae family

6. From: Medicinal Plant Research in Africa, 2013, J.D.D. While predominantly depicted as white, those seen at Akrotiri are red lilies. 15.1). In addition to blooming season, tulip varieties differ in shape and height, and exhibit a wide range of colours, both pure and in combination. Breeding programs have produced a wide range of tulip types, enabling blooming through a much longer season by creating early, mid- and late spring varieties. What is a trophic hormone? Flowers arise on the upper surface of phylloclades. Tiger Lily. Pedicellate, small, hermaphrodite, hypogynous, complete, actinomorphic, trimerous, white, bracteate. Commercial cultivars are usually sterile. Stamens 6, epiphyllous, in two whorls of 3 each, polyandrous, anthers dithecous; dorsifixed or versatile inferior. LAMIACEAE Swedish Ivy exhibits the square stems and opposite leaves Herbaceous, or woody, solid or fistular, underground; aerial climbing or erect; underground stem may be corm, bulb or rhizome. Alstroemeria sp. Web2016, Vol. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The structure was established by an X-ray crystallographic investigation. Consequently, it became incorporated into not only French heraldry but also into many heraldic devices in jurisdictions where there had been historic French influence, such as Quebec and New Orleans. WebThere are many medicinal plants. Cardiocrinum). Of the cut flowers, 57% are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. First described in 1789, the lily family became a paraphyletic "catch-all" (wastebasket) group of lilioid monocots that did not fit into other families and included a great number of genera now included in other families and in some cases in other orders. Which part of the male reproductive system store the sperm? Seed collecting and identification - 35. WebThe following are the major vegetative characteristics of the family Liliaceae. Being the simplest member identified of the 3a-hydroxycyclotryptamines, representing the N-1 methylated skeleton, the structure is of considerable interest not at least for reference purposes. Disclaimer Copyright, Share Your Knowledge Lilies and tulips in particular have had considerable symbolic and decorative value, and appear frequently in paintings and the decorative arts. Thomas J. Elpel's Web World Pages Fig: Family Liliaceae Habit The plants in the Liliaceae family are perennial herbs. J. Calochortus splendens. G. Trillium grandiflorum. In Africa, the main producers include the Mediterranean Northern region as well as tropical Africa mainly including Sudan, Niger, and Tanzania. F. Whole plant, with whorled leaves. TVX is a member of the genus Potexvirus. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? Liliaceae thus arose during the late (Maastrichtian) Cretaceous to early (Paleocene) Paleogene periods. The tepals may also become bleached or necrotic, resembling symptoms caused by TNV. The redefined Lily family has been reduced to about 16 genera and 640 species. Liliaceae is regarded as a typical monocot family and represents the basic monocot stock from which many families have arisen. New York July 2013", "A Commentary on the General System of Classification of Flowering Plants, in", "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants", International Association for Plant Taxonomy, "Where Have All the Lilies Gone? The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) made rapid progress in establishing a modern monophyletic classification of the flowering plants by 2009. (Figure 7.30). A. cepa is cultivated by about 170 countries for domestic use and about 8% of the global production is traded internationally. Leaves exstipulate, opposite or whorled in some genera. The leaves are basal or cauline, spiral or (in Lilium and Fritillaria spp.) [58][92] Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a financial bubble which eventually collapsed, a period known as tulip mania (tulipomania), from 1634 to 1637,[93][94] similar to the Ottoman Empire's Tulip era. That means the seed possesses only a single cotyledon. and riceroot (Fritillaria spp. It is a perennial climbing or erect shrub that can grow between 700 and 3800m above sea level. (2000) and Fay et al. FIGURE 7.30. shastense, with pendant flower. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". A. sativum (Liliaceae), known as garlic is a strongly aromatic bulb crop believed to originate from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. Calochortus bulbs were eaten by Native Americans and by the Mormon settlers in Utah during starvation. There are three fused carpels (syncarpus) with one to three chambers (locules), a single style and a three-lobed stigma. In this study, the Streaks of darker color may occur on tepals of red flowering varieties, whereas those streaks appear translucent in yellow or white flowers. Ethnopharmacological relevance: The genus Hosta (Liliaceae family) represents an interesting source of natural bio-constituents, and the 50 species of this Request PDF | Research progress of Ypsilandra thibetica, a medicinal plant of Liliaceae | Ypsilandra thibetica belongs to the family Liliaceae. Although tulip festivals are held around the world in the spring, the most famous of these is the display at Keukenhof. Explain with suitable example. Another modern variety is 'Princess Irene'. [21] Major evolutionary clades include the Lilieae (Lilium, Fritillaria, Nomocharis, Cardiocrinum, Notholirion) from the Himalayas about 12mya and the Tulipeae (Erythronium, Tulipa, Gagea) from East Asia at about the same time. In addition to its beneficial effects against MetS, this spice has a great medicinal value (see details in Chapter15). WebAffinities of Liliaceae: 1. This chapter introduces 69 species of medicinal plants in 1 family, mainly including Aletris laxiflora, Aletris pauciflora var. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The virus is transferred to the roots specifically adhering to the zoospores of the chytridiomycete Olpidium brassicae. It includes ornamental plants such as lilies, tulips, medicinal plants, e.g. Lily family (after Lilium, a name used in Virgil's writings). Both Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae similis flos are important components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with precious medicinal value. The Liliaceae are widely distributed, but mainly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. A. cepa L. (Liliaceae), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium, and probably originates from Central Asia (Messiaen and Rouamba,2004). They are also an economically important product. TBV affects color breaking of flowers particularly in late-flowering pink, purple, and red cultivars, while white- and yellow-flowered cultivars are not affected. Rooting of shoots was achieved on half-strength LAMIACEAE Also known as Labiatae Opposite leaves, square stems and frequently have essential oils that are fragrant Used for ornamentation, flavor and medicinal use Over 200 genera and 3200 species. Contemporary tulip owners commonly had Rembrandt and other artists paint their flowers to preserve them for posterity, hence the 'broken' tulips were known as Rembrandt tulips at that time. Gloriosa, Colchicum. WebAtropa belladona, an important medicinal plant is of the family Solanaceae. Approximately ten other countries produce commercial tulips, largely for the domestic market. [50] Lilium species may be food plants for the Cosmia trapezina moth. [53][54][55] One of the tulip breaking viruses is also named the Rembrandt tulip-breaking virus (ReTBV).[56][57]. Note nectary at base of tepal. Allium Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. 3. Accordingly formula 69 is not intended to depict absolute configuration. Key words: Diseases and disorders, Breaking symptoms have been described as bars, stripes, streaks, featherings, or flames of different colors on petals (Figure 58). Commercially, plants may be propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. Scoliopus, Erythronium and Gagea) have seeds with an aril structure that are dispersed by ants (myrmecochory).[6]. It includes 250 genera and 4000 species, which are world wide in distribution. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Western false hellebore (Veratrum californicum) fed to ewes on gestation days 10 to 15 caused cyclopian-type teratological effects (Binns et al., 1962, 1964; Shupe and James, 1983). The colorful flowers produce large amounts of nectar and pollen that attract insects which pollinate them (entomophily), particularly bees and wasps (hymenopterophily), butterflies (psychophily) and moths (phalaenophily). Garlic Allium sativum the Liliaceae family, is among the oldest of all cultivated plants. JUNE: Lilies", "How A Turkish Blossom Enflamed the Dutch Landscape". By the sixteenth century it was a national symbol, hence the designation "Tulip era", by which time they were becoming of economic importance.[58]. Research is now being done to examine these glycosides more carefully. Perianth polyphyllous in some genera (Asphodelus, Veratrum). These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. [86] Its three parts have been associated with the three classes of mediaeval society,[87] or alternatively faith, wisdom and chivalry. Bulb, stem bearing one or more leaves, e.g. Aloe vera yields Aloin. Share Your PPT File. One of these varieties is known as 'Rembrandt', after the Dutch artist of that name. It is widely distributed all over the world. In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Monochasial cymes enclosed by 2 or 3 membranous bracts arranged in an umbellate fashion on an erect leafless scape. WebThe Lily Family, Liliaceae, consists of fifteen genera and about 705 known species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. LILIALES. The leaves are generally simple and elongated with veins parallel to the edges, arranged singly and alternating on the stem, but may form a rosette at the base of the stem. [62] Because of the history of Liliaceae, many species such as Watsonia (bugle lily) that were previously classified in this family bear the name 'lily' but are neither part of the genus Lilium, or the family Liliaceae. From the acrid resin of Xanthorrhoea sealing wax is prepared. WebEA202090998A1 EA202090998A EA202090998A EA202090998A1 EA 202090998 A1 EA202090998 A1 EA 202090998A1 EA 202090998 A EA202090998 A EA 202090998A EA 202090998 A EA202090998 A EA 202090998A EA 202090998 A1 EA202090998 A1 EA 202090998A1 Authority EA Eurasian Patent Office Prior art keywords quercetin mol Yucca, Dracaena. When young plants are infected, severe yellowing of leaves or browning of veins in stems may occur. Their distribution is diverse, mainly in plains, steppes, and alpine meadows, but also in deciduous forests, Mediterranean scrub and arctic tundra. The antifertility activities of the aqueous and ethanol extracts were 40% (for leaves), 60% (for roots), and 20% (for leaves), 40% (for roots), respectively. TRV (genus Tobravirus) is another common virus of tulips with an exceptionally wide host range of cultivated and wild plants. 1997 - 2021 Thomas J. Elpel. [58][89], Tulips were an essential part of the gardens of Persia, having been cultivated from the Steppes. Since interspecific cross-pollination occurs, overlapping wild populations can create natural hybrids. He has included Allium, Agapanthus in the family Amaryllidaceae of his order Amaryllidales; Yucca, Dracaena, Sanseuiera, Phormium in the family Agavaceae of his order Agavales; Xanthorrhoea in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae of his order Agavales. Tricarpellary, syncarpous, tilocular, axile placentation, 2 ovules per loculus, ovary superior, style slender, filiform, stigma trilobed, yellow. Within these genera a wide range of cultivars have been developed by breeding and hybridisation. Calochortus apiculatus. I. Fritillaria biflora, chocolate lily, flower. Dracaena and Xanthorrhoea yield resin. The helobian origin is further supported by the flower construction of Helonias which is similar to the members of Juncaceae. G. Close-up of flower. Tulips spread rapidly across Europe in the seventeenth century, and became an important trading item, initially in France before concentrating in the Netherlands. [20] Lilium bulbs, particularly Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii)[69] are used as food in China and other parts of Asia. Melanthiaceae. [6][9] Tulipa and Gagea provide examples of ornamental geophyte biomorphological types representing continental thermoperiodic zones (Irano-Turanian region), characterised by cessation of underground growth at high temperatures in early summer and requiring low winter temperatures for spring flowering. The family, on account of marked variabilities in cytological, embryological and anatomical structures, appears to be polyphyletic in origin. Endospermic; endosperm horny or cartilagenous. From Colchicum, colchicine is obtained. Characters of Liliaceae 2. Distinctive hot, pungent flavour caused by breakdown products. The Liliaceae probably arose as shade plants, with subsequent evolution to open areas including deciduous forest in the more open autumnal period, but then a return of some species (e.g. The fruit is generally a wind dispersed capsule, but occasionally a berry (Medeoleae) which is dispersed by animals. As the Seljuks Oghuz-Turkic leaders originated from the steppes moved to Persia, and then west, they took tulips with them to Turkey, where many escaped cultivation and became naturalised. Rhizome with radical leaves, inflorescence a spike, e.g. The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or rhizomatous in the case of Medeoleae)[7] flowering plants with simple trichomes (root hairs) and contractile roots. S-allylcysteine significantly improved glucose levels and insulin sensitivity in STZ-induced diabetic rats (Mathew and Augusti,1973; Panickar,2013). Content Guidelines 2. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Since alline has never been synthesized, reisolation and study of the structure, reactions and activity is warranted. The color variation is caused by local fading, intensification, or accumulation of pigments in the upper epidermal layer after development of the normal flower color. Cooking reduces the activity of isothiocyanates. [8] The flowers may be arranged (inflorescence) along the stem, developing from the base, or as a single flower at the tip of the stem, or as a cluster of flowers. He has also included Smilax in the family Smilacaceae and Ruscus in Ruscaceae in his order Liliales. Name the types of nitrogenous bases present in the RNA. Tree with anomalous secondary growth in the stem. In Ruscus outer whorl of stamens is reduced to staminodes. The primary teratogen is cyclopamine (Figure 84.1), and the critical exposure time is gestation days 13 to 15 (Molyneux et al., 2007; Welch et al., 2009). These vary from the large Fritillaria imperialis (crown imperial) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange, to much smaller species such as Fritillaria meleagris or Fritillaria uva-vulpis with their chequered patterns. Symptoms of the disease include chlorotic flecks, oval lesions and streaks, appearing early in the season. Spiritual uses have been assigned to garlic; in fact, it was reported that garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes to ward off vampires. The Liliaceae are ecologically diverse. Deformities of the limbs can occur in lambs if the ewes are exposed on gestation days 28 to 32. The stamens are usually in two groups of three (trimerous) and the pollen has a single groove (monosulcate). H. Trillium erectum. Stamens 6 or 3 (Ruscus), 8 in Paris; polyandrous, epiphyllous, antiphyllous, filaments long, anthers versatile or basifixed, dithecous, introrse or extrorse. The foliage and berries are extremely toxic, containing tropane alkaloids. Most showy monocot flowers with parts in threes belong to the Lily family or one of its allies. Draw a neatly labeled diagram of chloroplast found in leaf, and its role in photosynthesis? A vector transmission by soil-inhabiting nematodes of the genera Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus may spread the virus in the field. WebThe List of Liliaceae genera has been much reduced by modern molecular phylogenetic based taxonomy.The current taxonomy of Liliaceae treats the family Liliaceae as having Plants in the Liliaceae family (lily) are known or suspected to be teratogenic (Burrows and Tyrl, 2001). A,B. Lambs may also be born with tracheal stenosis. It is a family of monocotyledonous plants. Ca. Symptoms develop as chlorotic mottle to stripe-mosaic (Figure 59) and leaves may be twisted or show narrowing. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. (2006), Hayashi and Kawano (2000), Patterson and Givnish (2002), and Tamura (1998a,b), Naturally Occurring Cyclotryptophans and Cyclotryptamines, Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives, Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, African Medicinal Spices and Vegetables and Their Potential in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome, http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29, http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic, Toxicity and Beneficial Effects of Some African Plants on the Reproductive System, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants. However, the absence of studies on their chloroplast genomes and chromatography has considerably hindered the study of their evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships. C,D. The centre of diversity is from southwest Asia to China. 1. About half of the commercial production is for cut flowers. is a Liliaceae plant which is used to make pesticides. In Africa, garlic is used as an antibiotic, and it has a reputation for lowering bloodpressure and cholesterol, and inhibiting thrombus formation (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). Glacier National Park. They contain both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) characteristics and are symmetric radially, but sometimes as a mirror image. A. porrum is largely used as soup ingredient and vegetable throughout Africa, and is known to possess anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, stings, stomachic, tonic, vasodilator, antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, insecticidal, fungicidal properties (Akroum etal.,2009; Auger etal.,2002). [5] Those of the genus Lilium are particularly palatable, while species in Fritillaria are repellant. The Liliaceae consist of perennial herbs. The largest genera are Gagea (200), Fritillaria (130), Lilium (110), and Tulipa (75 species), all within the tribe Lilieae. The overy is positioned superior and consists of 3 united carpels, as indicated by the same number of stigmas. In Arabic letters, lale is written with the same letters as Allah, and is used to denote God symbolically. Excessive consumption of these foods is inadvisable, particularly in their raw state (many patients are now juicing). The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word lilium, "lily", which in turn came from the Greek lerion (). Tulips first appeared in the decorative arts in Turkey in the thirteenth century and flourished under the Ottomans, in particular in the royal palaces, and was adopted by the Osmans as their symbol. Numerous attempts were made to split the family into proper families and subfamilies based on actual relationships, resulting in many different classification schemes and up to 70 different proposed families. Associated with decreased risk of cancer. Aloe vera is a medicinal plant of Liliaceae which is a monocot family. [59][60], Original Tulipa species can be obtained for ornamental purposes, such as Tulipa tarda and Tulipa turkestanica. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, 7. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Liliaceae", "The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval", "Punctuated genome size evolution in Liliaceae", "Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae", "Camas (Camassia spp.) [76] These are also toxic to a variety of animals. Many Liliaceae are important ornamental plants, widely grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major floriculture of cut flowers and dry bulbs. The cultivation of lilies has been described since at least the ninth century, when Charlemagne ordered it to be grown at his imperial palaces. The family has close affinity with Amaryllidaceae from which it can be distinguished by the presence of superior ovary, and absence of corona. M. Close-up of basal perigonal gland (base of inner tepal). We concentrate on virus diseases of the genera Tulipa and Lilium, as they represent large genera with economically very important ornamentals. The latter are used, in turn, to meet the demand for bulbs for parks, gardens, and home use and, secondly, to provide the necessary bulbs for cut flower production. The binomial names or scientific names of medicinal plants from the family Solanaceae are: Atropa belladona, Solanum trilobatum and Withania somnifera Solve any question of Morphology Of Flowering Plants with:- Patterns of problems > Was this answer helpful? Publication records from pubmed database related to the password A. sativum. It does not store any personal data. Alline, 3a-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b] indole (69), was isolated from Allium odorum [181]. HOPS Press, LLC | Dirt Cheap Builder Books Notable among the other families are the Alstroe-meriaceae (Figure 7.29AD), Alstroemeria being a commonly cultivated ornamental, having interesting resupinate leaves; Colchicaceae (Figure 7.29E), containing Colchicum autumnale, autumn-crocus, source of colchicine used medicinally (e.g., formerly to treat gout) and in plant breeding (inducing chromosome doubling); Melanthiaceae (Figure 7.29GI); Philesiaceae (Figure 7.29F); and Smilacaceae (Figure 7.29J), including Smilax, the green-briers, species of which are of economic importance as the source of sarsa-parilla. These are referred to as species, or botanical, tulips, and tend to be smaller plants but better at naturalising than the cultivated forms. Other natural hosts are tulip and Alstroemeria. Lilium lancifolium. The name "Liliaceae" (English: /lliesi, -sia, -sie, -sii/) comes to international scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from Lilium, the type genus, + -aceae,[47] a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The development of a phylogenetic approach to taxonomy suggested the Liliales formed some of the earliest monocots. 1. Cultivated in winter for bulbs. Most flowers are large and colourful, except for Medeoleae. Partition walls are present, forming an equal number of chambers. Flowers are zygomorphic in some genera (Lilium, Hemerocallis). Figure 59. The Solanaceae (also called nightshades) are a family of flower-bearing plants that can be perennials, biennials, or annuals. [4] Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas. Smilax, Aloe, Gloriosa, Veratrum, Colchicum, Scilla and Urginea yield useful drugs. They are an essential ingredient in many African sauces and relishes (Messiaen and Rouamba,2004). Shrubby xerophytic plant, wild on rocks with dull red flowers. The type genus, Lily (Lilium), has a long history in literature and art, and a tradition of symbolism as well as becoming a popular female name, and a floral emblem, particularly of France (fleur-de-lis). Mulethi is a medicinal plant of Fabaceae Ashwagandha and Atropa belladonna are medicinal plants of Solanaceae which is a dicot family. Allicin was found to possess insulin potentiating effects (Mathew and Augusti,1973). Luzuriaga. Quite a few members of the Liliaceae have been used for food but one must be aware of potential DEADLY LOOK ALIKES The following table shows information from the incredible resource Encyclopedia of Edible Plants of North America by Francois Couplan (1998). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Asparagus africanus L. (Liliaceae) known as Saritti (Ethiopia), aluki, kadankabe (Western Nigeria), and sasarin-kura (Northern Nigeria) are among the many plants with traditionally claimed antifertility properties in Ethiopia. Brassicaceae (Cruciferae): Brassica spp. Webmedicinal plants as a single dose or in combination with others. Amaryllidaceae: Characters, Distribution and Types, Comparison between Liliaceae and Musaceae, Asteraceae: Characters, Distribution and Types. 1999, 2nd 2002) (3 ed.). Both the petals and sepals are usually similar and appear as two concentric groups (whorls) of 'petals', that are often striped or multi-coloured, and produce nectar at their bases. Botany, Plant Taxonomy, Angiosperms, Monocotyledons, Families, Liliaceae. Common Allium, Agapanthus. [51][52] In modern times tulip breeders have produced varieties that mimic the effect of the virus, without being infected. it was during this period that the tulipiere, a ceramic vase for growing tulips indoors was devised, and the Golden Age of Dutch Painting was replete with images of tulips. Queen's Cup. By 1845, John Lindley, the first English systematist, unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the circumscription of the family, and that it had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. J. Engelmann, J. Hamacher, in Encyclopedia of Virology (Third Edition), 2008. E. Ovary cross-section, showing three carpels and locules. Shade-dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation, and fleshy fruits (berries) with animal-dispersed seeds, rhizomes, and small, inconspicuous flowers while genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow, parallel-veined leaves, capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds, bulbs, and large, visually conspicuous flowers. I. Zigadenus fremontii. WebLiliaceae is a family of angiosperms. The Aloe vera leaves are formed by Rat poison is obtained from Urginea and the bulbs of Scilla. (2000) and Fay et al. Erythronium americanum, trout lily. There are 6 stamens, but some species lack anthers on some of the stamens. AD. Other members of the family used for food include Clintonia (leaves), Medeola (roots), Erythronium (corms), and Fritillaria (bulbs).[84]. These toxins include scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which Near Glacier National Park. In Pakistan, garlic extract is traditionally taken orally to settle the stomach, treat coughs, and reduce fever (http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/plants-fungi/allium-sativum-garlic). They can be used raw, sliced for seasoning salads, boiled with other vegetables, or fried with other vegetables and meat. See Rudall et al. In this chapter, we have discussed the evidence of the pharmacological properties as well as the phytochemical composition of onion as obtained from scientific publications retrieved in Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Web-of-knowledge, and Google Scholar. [26][27][82] The bulbs of Fritillaria roylei have been used as antipyretics and expectorants. Leaves and bulbs are considered to have hypotensive, carminative, antiseptic, anthelmintic, diaphoretic, and expectorant properties (http://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Allium_sativum_%28PROTA%29). Its origin from Helobieae or its ancestor may be assumed from floral structures and helobial endosperm formation in some of the genera of Liliaceae as Petrosavia, Protolirion. They are generally used in outdoor gardens and other displays, although in common with many bulbous flowering plants they are often induced to bloom indoors, particularly during the winter months. The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. The Rosaceae family [66], Bulb offsets and tissue culture produce genetic clones of the parent plant and thus maintaining genetic integrity of the cultivars.