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Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Arch Environ Health. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Trends Neurosci. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2006;98:170713. Merola et al. 2005;25:10190201. Wang et al. 2014:125. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Gold PE. Google Scholar. 2003;80:194210. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Sci Total Environ. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. 2011;18:32533. Int J Radiat Biol. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Eastern J Med. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. [84] and Sharma et al. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. J Neuro-Oncol. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Mol Brain Res. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. 2004;155:3743. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. 2009;4:e4389. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2008;86:718. Clinics. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . 2001;93:2037. Google Scholar. Int J Radiat Biol. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. 2014;90:2935. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Iran J Public Health. Cite this article. Ning et al. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . J Neurosci Methods. Neurosci Lett. Sci STKE. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. 2005;130:591600. Kwon et al. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Wang et al. Rev Environ Health. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2003;11:346. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. PubMed 2000;11:16413. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. 2000;284:30017. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. 2011;35:36978. Yale J Biol Med. 2013;34:26474. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. 2003;80:177. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Google Scholar. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Int J Occup Environ Health. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Springer Nature. 1999;9:3438. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. 1993;13:41322. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. CAS Neuroreport. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Cobb et al. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2015;51:15865. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. PubMed Central 2007;27:6024. 2010;86:37683. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. J Neuro. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Fragopoulou et al. 2010;1347:17985. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Biol Chem. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Bioelectromagnetics. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA 2014;9:e95503. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Mortazavi et al. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. PubMed Nature. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . 1999;4:102. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. 2014;53:22230. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. 2005;161:52635. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs.