Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. Among Jews in Israel drawn from many areas of the world, G-M377 constituted 3.7% in one study. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. ), Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Rootsi, S., Myres, N., Lin, A. et al. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the near eastern origin of Etruscans. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, et al. All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 97889791. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. M286 was first identified at Stanford University at chromosome position 21151187, and is a mutation from G to A. The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. Article Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. You belong to a subgroup of haplogroup G (G-M201), The Caucasus Mountaineers, and your oldest. Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. and JavaScript. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80: 759768. First, here is the only region with co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity of haplogroup G. G1 is possibly believed to have originated in Iran. Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. Its age is between 7,700 and . The identification of a new SNP can necessitate renaming of one or more categories. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK . They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. . The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. Google Scholar. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J : Improved resolution haplogroup G phylogeny in the Y chromosome, revealed by a set of newly characterized SNPs. Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. CAS Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M et al. Hg G also occurs at frequencies ranging from 5 to 15% in both the rest of Near/Middle East and southern European countries (especially Italy and Greece), with a decreasing frequency gradient towards the Balkans and northern Europe. L2b1a. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Although progress has been recently made in resolving the haplogroup G phylogeny, a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of the significant sub-clades of this haplogroup has not been conducted yet. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. A subset of 693 samples was typed for short tandem repeats of Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) using the 17 STR markers in the Applied Biosystems AmpFlSTR Yfiler Kit according to manufacturer recommendations. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Rudan P : Review of croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages. But unusual values or unusual value combinations found at short tandem repeat markers (STRs) can also provide the basis of additional taxonomisation. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. We genotyped binary markers following PCR amplification, by either Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography, RFLP analysis, Taqman assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or direct Sanger sequencing methodology. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. The coalescence age estimate of 9400 years for P16 coincides with the early Holocene (Supplementary Table S4). Also for P15* and L91 lineages Td estimates, DYS19 was excluded owing to duplications in these lineages.36. Its identification caused considerable renaming of G categories. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). AAL thanks the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. In descending order, G-P303 is additionally a branch of G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2a2, G2a2b, G2a2b2, and finally G2a2b2a. Haplogroup L2b1a is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of haplogroup G-M201 by considering those locations containing both G1-M285- and G2-P287-related lineages as well as the co-occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 134149. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. Although the phylogenetic resolution within hg G has progressed,1, 17 a comprehensive survey of the geographic distribution patterns of significant hg G sub-clades has not been conducted. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 313332. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. Whereas the presence of Mideastern mtDNA in Tuscany43 supports the model of early Iron Age migrants from Anatolia (putative Etruscans) colonizing Central Italy,44 the occurrence of the G2a3b1c-L497 lineage in Italy is most likely associated to migratory flows from the north. See: Poznik. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the University of Arizona (P designations), Stanford University (M designations) or the University of Central Florida (U designations). (a)(f) Spatial frequency maps of haplogroup G (hg G) and its sub-clades with frequencies over 10%. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 12751282 (2012). Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. Science 2000; 290: 11551159. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). Haplogroup G (M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two branches of the parent haplogroup GHIJK, the other being HIJK. Haplogroup definition, a set of similar haplotypes inherited together, or a group who shares a set of similar haplotypes, used to understand genetic lineages. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. Age This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. (b) Principal component analysis by hg G sub-clades: (A) M285, P20, P287, P15, L92 P16, M286, M485, P303, U1, L497, M527, M406, Page19, M287 and M377 sub-haplogroups with respect to total M201. Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. In 2012, SNPs with the Z designation as first identified by citizen researchers from 1000 Genomes Project data began to appear. It encompasses a small group of Hispanic men who also so far all have the odd value of 13,21 at the YCA marker. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. In the case of the general frequency pattern of hg G, panel (a) was obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 together with data taken from the literature, concerning 569 individuals representing 7 populations comprising Algerians,47 Oromo and Amhara Ethiopians,48 and Berbers, Arabs and Saharawis from Morocco.49 Dots on the map (a) indicate the approximate locations of the sampled populations. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia, Siiri Rootsi,Mari Jrve,Ildus Kutuev,Krt Varendi,Hovhannes Sahakyan,Doron M Behar,Alena Kushniarevich&Richard Villems, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia, Ildus Kutuev,Elza K Khusnutdinova&Rita Khusainova, Departamento de Gentica, Facultad de Biologa, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Human Genetics Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia, Hovhannes Sahakyan,Levon Yepiskoposyan&Ardeshir Bahmanimehr, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia, Immunology department, Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie L. RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419.